Molson Coors Beverage Company Reports 2026 Second Quarter Results

Molson Coors Beverage Company ("MCBC," "Molson Coors" or "the Company") (NYSE: TAP, TAP.A; TSX: TPX.A, TPX.B) today reported results for the 2026 second quarter.

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2026 SECOND QUARTER FINANCIAL HIGHLIGHTS¹

• Net sales decreased 3.3% reported and 3.6% in constant currency.
• U.S. GAAP income before income taxes decreased 49.0% to $283.1 million.
• Underlying (Non-GAAP) income before income taxes decreased 27.8% in constant currency to $383.2 million.
• U.S. GAAP net income attributable to MCBC of $231.7 million, $1.23 earnings per share on a diluted basis. Underlying (Non-GAAP) diluted earnings per share of $1.58 decreased 22.9%.

CEO AND CFO PERSPECTIVES

Rahul Goyal, President and Chief Executive Officer Statement:

"We made progress on key aspects of the Horizon 2030 strategy in the second quarter as we navigated heightened global macroeconomic headwinds that affected both consumer behavior and key input costs in our business. Coors Banquet and Peroni continue to perform well, and we're focused on improving our overall share performance in this competitive environment through ongoing, disciplined execution. As we lean into emerging consumer tastes in flavor and beyond beer, we’re encouraged by Fever-Tree’s continued momentum after more than a year of partnership, and Monaco Cocktails delivered strong performance in its first quarter as part of Molson Coors. Our approach for the balance of the year includes prudent investments designed to drive scale and efficiency across our global portfolio while executing against our cost savings plan to mitigate the impacts of persistent macroeconomic volatility."

Tracey Joubert, Chief Financial Officer Statement:

"Our second quarter financial results largely matched our expectations as we managed through both expected and unanticipated headwinds that weighed on our top and bottom lines. Further progress on our cost savings initiatives partially offset ongoing commodity cost inflation and the impact of lower financial volumes. We are reaffirming our full-year guidance. In the second quarter, we deployed capital toward value-added M&A in support of our Horizon 2030 strategy, enhanced financial flexibility through a series of debt refinancing transactions, and returned capital to shareholders through both dividends and share buybacks. These actions reflect our disciplined approach to balancing our capital allocation priorities.”

QUARTERLY CONSOLIDATED HIGHLIGHTS (VERSUS SECOND QUARTER 2025 RESULTS)

• Net sales: The following table highlights the drivers of the change in net sales for the three months ended June 30, 2026, compared to June 30, 2025 (in percentages):

Net sales decreased 3.3%, driven by lower financial volume, partially offset by favorable price and sales mix and favorable foreign currency impacts. Net sales decreased 3.6% in constant currency.

Financial volume decreased 5.4%, due to lower shipments in both the Americas and EMEA&APAC segments. Brand volume decreased 4.8%, including a 5.3% decrease in the Americas segment and 3.4% decrease in the EMEA&APAC segment.

Price and sales mix favorably impacted net sales by 1.8%, primarily due to increased net pricing in the Americas segment and favorable sales mix as a result of premiumization in both the Americas and EMEA&APAC segments. Net sales per hectoliter increased 2.3% reported and 2.0% on a constant currency basis.

• Cost of goods sold ("COGS"): increased 6.0% on a reported basis, impacted by higher cost of goods sold per hectoliter and unfavorable foreign currency impacts, partially offset by lower financial volume. COGS per hectoliter: increased 12.1% on a reported basis, primarily due to the unfavorable changes in our unrealized mark-to-market commodity derivative positions of $98.0 million, cost inflation related to materials, logistics and manufacturing expenses including approximately $40 million of an unfavorable impact attributable to Midwest Premium pricing, unfavorable mix driven by premiumization and volume deleverage, partially offset by cost savings initiatives. Underlying (Non-GAAP) COGS per hectoliter: increased 6.3% in constant currency, primarily due to cost inflation related to materials, logistics and manufacturing expenses, including approximately $40 million of an unfavorable impact attributable to Midwest Premium pricing, unfavorable mix driven by premiumization and volume deleverage, partially offset by cost savings initiatives.
• Marketing, general & administrative ("MG&A"): increased 3.7%on a reported basis, primarily due to higher general and administrative expenses as a result of cycling lower incentive compensation expense in the prior year and costs incurred related to our global modernization enterprise resource planning (“ERP”) system implementation project in the current year. Underlying (Non-GAAP) MG&A: increased 3.2% in constant currency.
• U.S. GAAP income (loss) before income taxes: U.S. GAAP income before income taxes decreased 49.0% on a reported basis, primarily due to unfavorable changes in our unrealized mark-to-market commodity derivative positions of $98.0 million, lower financial volume, cost inflation related to materials, logistics and manufacturing expenses, including approximately $40 million of an unfavorable impact attributable to Midwest Premium pricing, higher MG&A and lower other non-operating income driven by unfavorable changes in the fair value of our investment in Fevertree Drinks plc of approximately $18 million, partially offset by increased net pricing in the Americas segment and cost savings initiatives.
• Underlying (Non-GAAP) income (loss) before income taxes: Underlying (Non-GAAP) income before income taxes decreased 27.8% in constant currency, primarily due to lower financial volume, cost inflation related to materials, logistics and manufacturing expenses, including approximately $40 million of an unfavorable impact attributable to Midwest Premium pricing and higher MG&A, partially offset by increased net pricing in the Americas segment and cost savings initiatives.
• Effective Tax Rate and Underlying (Non-GAAP) Effective Tax Rate

Our U.S. GAAP effective tax rate and Underlying (Non-GAAP) effective tax rates decreased for the three months ended June 30, 2026 compared to the prior year, primarily due to the recognition of a higher discrete tax benefit.

• Net income (loss) attributable to MCBC per diluted share: Net income attributable to MCBC per diluted share decreased 42.3%, primarily due to lower U.S. GAAP income before income taxes, partially offset by lower weighted-average diluted shares outstanding driven by share repurchases.
• Underlying (Non-GAAP) net income (loss) attributable to MCBC per diluted share: Underlying net income attributable to MCBC per diluted share decreased 22.9%, primarily due to lower underlying income before income taxes, partially offset by lower weighted-average shares outstanding driven by share repurchases.

QUARTERLY SEGMENT HIGHLIGHTS (VERSUS SECOND QUARTER 2025 RESULTS)

Americas Segment Overview

The following table highlights the Americas segment results for the three and six months ended June 30, 2026 compared to June 30, 2025:

Americas Segment Highlights (Versus Second Quarter 2025 Results)

• Net sales: The following table highlights the drivers of the change in net sales for the three months ended June 30, 2026 compared to June 30, 2025 (in percentages):

Net sales decreased 4.1%, driven by lower financial volume, partially offset by favorable price and sales mix.

Financial and brand volume decreased 6.4% and 5.3%, respectively, primarily due to lower financial volume in the U.S. in our core and value brands as well as the unfavorable timing of shipments.

Price and sales mix favorably impacted net sales by 2.3%, primarily due to increased net pricing and favorable sales mix as a result of positive brand mix. Net sales per hectoliter increased 2.5% on a reported and constant currency basis.

• U.S. GAAP income (loss) before income taxes: U.S. GAAP income before income taxes decreased 27.5% on a reported basis, primarily due to lower financial volume, cost inflation related to materials, logistics and manufacturing expenses, including approximately $40 million of an unfavorable impact attributable to Midwest Premium pricing, higher MG&A, unfavorable changes in the fair value of our investment in Fevertree Drinks plc of approximately $18 million and higher other operating expenses, partially offset by increased net pricing and cost savings initiatives. Higher MG&A was primarily driven by the cycling of lower incentive compensation expense in the prior year and costs incurred related to our global modernization ERP system implementation project in the current year. Higher other operating expenses were primarily driven by restructuring activities and the accelerated amortization of a brand intangible as a result of a decision to exit a brand in our Americas segment.
• Underlying (Non-GAAP) income (loss) before income taxes: Underlying income before income taxes decreased 22.6% in constant currency, primarily due to lower financial volume, cost inflation related to materials, logistics and manufacturing expenses, including approximately $40 million of an unfavorable impact attributable to Midwest Premium pricing and higher MG&A, partially offset by increased net pricing and cost savings. Higher MG&A was primarily driven by the cycling of lower incentive compensation expense in the prior year and costs incurred related to our global modernization ERP system implementation project in the current year.

EMEA&APAC Segment Overview

The following table highlights the EMEA&APAC segment results for the three and six months ended June 30, 2026, compared to June 30, 2025:

EMEA&APAC Segment Highlights (Versus Second Quarter 2025 Results)

• Net sales: The following table highlights the drivers of the change in net sales for the three months ended June 30, 2026, compared to June 30, 2025 (in percentages):

Net sales decreased 0.4% driven by lower financial volume, partially offset by favorable foreign currency impacts and favorable price and sales mix. Net sales decreased 2.0% in constant currency.

Financial volume and brand volume decreased 2.8% and 3.4%, respectively, primarily due to lower volume in the U.K. driven by soft market demand and a heightened competitive landscape.

Price and sales mix favorably impacted net sales by 0.8%, primarily due to premiumization, partly offset by increased promotional activity. Net sales per hectoliter increased 2.4% on a reported basis and 0.8% on a constant currency basis.

Foreign currency favorably impacted net sales by 1.6%, primarily due to the weakening of the U.S. Dollar ("USD") compared to the Hungarian Forint ("HUF") and Euro ("EUR").

• U.S. GAAP income (loss) before income taxes: U.S. GAAP income before income taxes decreased 41.5% on a reported basis, primarily due to unfavorable mix driven by channel mix, lower financial volume and cost inflation related to materials, logistics and manufacturing expenses, partially offset by lower restructuring related charges.
• Underlying (Non-GAAP) income (loss) before income taxes: Underlying income before income taxes decreased 44.3% in constant currency, primarily due to unfavorable mix, driven by channel mix, lower financial volume and cost inflation related to materials, logistics and manufacturing expenses.

CASH FLOW AND LIQUIDITY HIGHLIGHTS

• U.S. GAAP cash from operations: Net cash provided by operating activities of $820.4 million for the six months ended June 30, 2026, increased $192.8 million compared to $627.6 million in the prior year. The increase was primarily due to favorable changes in working capital, partially offset by lower net income adjusted for non-cash items. The favorable changes in working capital were primarily driven by the current year cash settlement of our forward starting interest rate swaps of $107.5 million, lower payments for prior year annual incentive compensation, the timing of payables and the cycling of a $60.6 million prior year payment as final resolution of the Keystone litigation case, partially offset by the timing of receivables.
• Underlying (Non-GAAP) free cash flow: Cash provided of $513.8 million for the six months ended June 30, 2026, represented an increase of $220.3 million from the prior year, primarily due to an increase in net cash provided by operating activities and lower capital expenditures.
• Debt: Total debt as of June 30, 2026 was $7,709.6 million and cash and cash equivalents totaled $2,128.1 million, resulting in net debt of $5,581.5 million and a net debt to underlying EBITDA ratio of 2.53x. As of June 30, 2025, our net debt to underlying EBITDA ratio was 2.41x. Subsequent to June 30, 2026, we repaid our $2.0 billion 3.0% senior notes using cash proceeds from the May 27, 2026 issuance of our $500 million senior notes due July 2031 and $1.0 billion senior notes due July 2036, as well as cash on hand.
• Dividends: We paid cash dividends of $183.7 million and $192.7 million for the six months ended June 30, 2026 and June 30, 2025, respectively.
• Share Repurchase Program: We paid $211.0 million and $306.8 million, including brokerage commissions, for share repurchases for the six months ended June 30, 2026 and June 30, 2025, respectively.

2026 OUTLOOK

We continue to expect to achieve the following targets for full year 2026 despite the inherent uncertainties that exist with inflationary commodity and logistics cost pressures and uncertainty in the global macroeconomic environment.

• Net sales: flat, plus or minus 1% versus 2025 on a constant currency basis.
• Underlying income (loss) before income taxes: decline in the range of 15% to 18% versus 2025 on a constant currency basis.
• Underlying earnings per share: decline in the range of 11% to 15% versus 2025.
• Capital expenditures: $650 million incurred, plus or minus 5%.
• Underlying free cash flow: $1.1 billion, plus or minus 10%.
• Underlying depreciation and amortization: $720 million, plus or minus 5%.
• Consolidated net interest expense: $260 million, plus or minus 5%.
• Underlying effective tax rate: in the range of 22% to 24%.

The Company's outlook includes the following considerations:

• U.S. financial volumes are expected to slightly outpace brand volumes in the second half of the year.
• In COGS, commodity and logistics costs are expected to remain elevated compared to the prior year, with the impact of Midwest Premium expected to exceed approximately $130 million for the full year.
• We expect a reduction in MG&A expenses in the second half of the year compared to the prior year as we carefully manage expenses with a targeted focus on investments that are expected to improve performance and generate the highest returns.

SUBSEQUENT EVENT

On July 16, 2026, our Board declared a dividend of $0.48 per share, to be paid on September 18, 2026, to shareholders of Class A and Class B common stock of record on August 28, 2026. Shareholders of exchangeable shares will receive the CAD equivalent of dividends declared on Class A and Class B common stock, equal to CAD 0.67 per share.

NOTES

Unless otherwise indicated in this release, all $ amounts are in USD, and all comparative results are for the Company’s second quarter ended June 30, 2026, compared to the second quarter ended June 30, 2025. Some numbers may not sum due to rounding.

2026 SECOND QUARTER INVESTOR CONFERENCE CALL

Molson Coors Beverage Company will conduct an earnings conference call with financial analysts and investors at 8:30 a.m. Eastern Time today to discuss the Company’s 2026 second quarter results. The live webcast will be accessible via our website, ir.molsoncoors.com. An online replay of the webcast is expected to be posted within two hours following the live webcast. The Company will post this release and related financial statements on its website today.

OVERVIEW OF MOLSON COORS BEVERAGE COMPANY

For more than two centuries, we have brewed beverages that unite people to celebrate all life’s moments. From our core power brands, Coors Light, Miller Lite, Coors Banquet, Molson Canadian, Carling and Ožujsko, to our above premium brands, including Madrí Excepcional, Staropramen, Blue Moon Belgian White and Leinenkugel’s Summer Shandy, to our value brands, like Miller High Life and Keystone Light, we produce many beloved and iconic beers. While our history is rooted in beer, we offer a modern portfolio that expands beyond the beer aisle as well, including flavored beverages like Vizzy Hard Seltzer and Monaco, spirits and non-alcoholic beverages. We also have partner brands, such as Simply Spiked, ZOA Energy, Fever-Tree, among others, through license, distribution, partnership and joint venture agreements. As a business, our ambition is to be the first choice for our people, our consumers and our customers, and our success depends on our ability to make our products available to meet a wide range of consumer segments and occasions.

To learn more about Molson Coors Beverage Company, visit molsoncoors.com.

ABOUT MOLSON COORS CANADA INC.

Molson Coors Canada Inc. ("MCCI") is a subsidiary of Molson Coors Beverage Company. MCCI Class A and Class B exchangeable shares offer substantially the same economic and voting rights as the respective classes of common shares of MCBC, as described in MCBC’s annual proxy statement and Form 10-K filings with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission. The trustee holder of the special Class A voting stock and the special Class B voting stock has the right to cast a number of votes equal to the number of then outstanding Class A exchangeable shares and Class B exchangeable shares, respectively.

FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

This press release includes “forward-looking statements” within the meaning of the U.S. federal securities laws. Generally, the words "expects," "intends," "goals," "plans," "believes," "confidence," "views," "continues," "may," "anticipate," "seek," "estimate," "outlook," "trends," "future benefits," "potential," "projects," "strategies," and variations of such words and similar expressions are intended to identify forward-looking statements. Statements that refer to projections of our future financial performance, our anticipated growth and trends in our businesses, and other characterizations of future events or circumstances are forward-looking statements, and include, but are not limited to, statements under the headings "CEO and CFO Perspectives" and "2026 Outlook," with respect to, among others, expectations and impacts of macroeconomic forces, beverage industry trends, cost inflation and tariffs, commodity prices, consumer preferences and limited consumer disposable income, overall volume and market share trends, our competitive position, execution of our strategic priorities, anticipated results, pricing trends, cost reduction strategies, including the Americas Restructuring Plan announced in October of 2025 as well as other restructuring projects and the expected charges and benefits of the restructuring, shipment levels and profitability, the sufficiency of capital resources, expectations for funding future capital expenditures and operations, debt service capabilities, timing and amounts of debt and leverage levels, Preserving the Planet and related environmental initiatives, effective tax rate, and expectations regarding future dividends and share repurchases. In addition, statements that we make in this press release that are not statements of historical fact may also be forward-looking statements.

Although the Company believes that the assumptions upon which its forward-looking statements are based are reasonable, it can give no assurance that these assumptions will prove to be correct. Important factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from the Company’s historical experience, and present projections and expectations are disclosed in the Company’s filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”), including the risks discussed in our filings with the SEC, including our most recent Annual Report on Form 10-K and our Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q. All forward-looking statements in this press release are expressly qualified by such cautionary statements and by reference to the underlying assumptions. You should not place undue reliance on forward-looking statements, which speak only as of the date they are made. We do not undertake to update forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise, except as required by law.

MARKET AND INDUSTRY DATA

The market and industry data used, if any, in this press release are based on independent industry publications, customer specific data, trade or business organizations, reports by market research firms and other published statistical information from third parties, including Circana (formerly Information Resources, Inc.) for U.S. market data and Beer Canada for Canadian market data (collectively, the “Third-Party Information”), as well as information based on management’s good faith estimates, which we derive from our review of internal information and independent sources. Such Third-Party Information generally states that the information contained therein or provided by such sources has been obtained from sources believed to be reliable.

APPENDIX

Worldwide brand volume (or "brand volume" when discussed by segment) reflects owned or actively managed brands sold to unrelated external customers within our geographic markets (net of returns and allowances), royalty volume and our proportionate share of equity investment worldwide brand volume calculated consistently with MCBC owned volume. Financial volume represents owned or actively managed brands sold to unrelated external customers within our geographic markets, net of returns and allowances as well as contract brewing, wholesale non-owned brand volume and company-owned distribution volume. Contract brewing and wholesale/factored volume is included within financial volume, but is removed from worldwide brand volume, as this is non-owned volume for which we do not directly control performance. Factored volume in our EMEA&APAC segment represents the distribution of beer, wine, spirits and other products owned and produced by other companies to the on-premise channel such as bars and restaurants, which is a common arrangement in the U.K. Royalty volume consists of our brands produced and sold by third parties under various license and contract brewing agreements and, because this is owned volume, it is included in worldwide brand volume. Our worldwide brand volume definition also includes an adjustment from Sales-to-Wholesaler ("STW") volume to Sales-to-Retailer ("STR") volume. We believe the brand volume metric is important because, unlike financial volume and STWs, it provides the closest indication of the performance of our brands in relation to market and competitor sales trends.

We also utilize net sales per hectoliter and COGS per hectoliter, as well as the year over year changes in this metric, as a key metric for analyzing our results. These metrics are calculated as net sales and COGS per our consolidated statements of operations divided by financial volume for the respective period. We believe these metrics are important and useful for investors and management because it provides an indication of the trends of price and sales mix on our net sales and the trends of mix and other cost impacts on our COGS.

NON-GAAP MEASURES AND RECONCILIATIONS

Use of Non-GAAP Measures

In addition to financial measures presented on the basis of accounting principles generally accepted in the U.S. (“U.S. GAAP”), we also use non-GAAP financial measures, as listed and defined below, for operational and financial decision making and to assess Company and segment business performance. These non-GAAP measures should be viewed as supplements to (not substitutes for) our results of operations presented under U.S. GAAP. We have provided reconciliations of all historical non-GAAP measures to their nearest U.S. GAAP measure and have consistently applied the adjustments within our reconciliations in arriving at each non-GAAP measure.

Our management uses these metrics to assist in comparing performance from period to period on a consistent basis; as a measure for planning and forecasting overall expectations and for evaluating actual results against such expectations; in communications with the Board of Directors, stockholders, analysts and investors concerning our financial performance; as useful comparisons to the performance of our competitors; and as metrics of certain management incentive compensation calculations. We believe these measures are used by, and are useful to, investors and other users of our financial statements in evaluating our operating performance.

• Underlying Income (Loss) before Income Taxes (Closest GAAP Metric: Income (Loss) Before Income Taxes) –Measure of the Company’s or segment's income (loss) before income taxes excluding the impact of certain non-GAAP adjustment items from our U.S. GAAP financial statements. Non-GAAP adjustment items include goodwill and other intangible and tangible asset impairments, certain restructuring and integration related costs, unrealized mark-to-market gains and losses, adjustments to the redemption value of mandatorily redeemable noncontrolling interests, potential or incurred losses related to certain litigation accruals and settlements, impacts of settlement charges related to annuity purchases and gains and losses on sales of non-operating assets, among other items included in our U.S. GAAP results that warrant adjustment to arrive at non-GAAP results (collectively, "Non-GAAP adjustment items"). We consider these items to be necessary adjustments for purposes of evaluating our ongoing business performance and are often considered non-recurring. Such adjustments are subjective, involve significant management judgment and can vary substantially from company to company.
• Underlying COGS (Closest GAAP Metric: COGS) – Measure of the Company’s COGS adjusted to exclude non-GAAP adjustment items (as defined above). Non-GAAP adjustment items include, among other items, unrealized mark-to-market gains and losses on our commodity derivative instruments, which are economic hedges, and are recorded through COGS within Unallocated. As the exposure we are managing is realized, we reclassify the gain or loss to the segment in which the underlying exposure resides, allowing our segments to realize the economic effects of the derivatives without the resulting unrealized mark-to-market volatility.
  
  We also use underlying COGS per hectoliter, as well as the year over year change in such metric, as a key metric for analyzing our results. This metric is calculated as underlying COGS divided by financial volume for the respective period.

• Underlying MG&A (Closest GAAP Metric: MG&A) – Measure of the Company’s MG&A expense excluding the impact of certain non-GAAP adjustment items (as defined above).
• Underlying net income (loss) attributable to MCBC (Closest GAAP Metric: Net income (loss) attributable to MCBC) – Measure of net income (loss) attributable to MCBC excluding the impact of income (loss) before income tax non-GAAP adjustment items (as defined above), adjustments to the carrying value of redeemable noncontrolling interests resulting from subsequent changes in the redemption value of such interests, the related tax effects of non-GAAP adjustment items and certain other discrete tax items.
• Underlying net income (loss) attributable to MCBC per diluted share (also referred to as Underlying Diluted Earnings per Share) (Closest GAAP Metric: Net income (loss) attributable to MCBC per diluted share) – Measure of underlying net income (loss) attributable to MCBC (as defined above) per diluted share. If applicable, a reported net loss attributable to MCBC per diluted share is calculated using the basic share count due to dilutive shares being antidilutive. If underlying net income (loss) attributable to MCBC becomes income excluding the impact of our non-GAAP adjustment items, we include the incremental dilutive shares, using the treasury stock method, into the dilutive shares outstanding.
• Underlying effective tax rate (Closest GAAP Metric: Effective Tax Rate) – Measure of the Company’s effective tax rate excluding the related tax impact of pre-tax non-GAAP adjustment items (as defined above) and certain other discrete tax items. Discrete tax items include certain significant tax audit and prior year reserve adjustments, impact of significant tax legislation and tax rate changes and significant non-recurring and period specific tax items.
• Underlying free cash flow (Closest GAAP Metric: Net Cash Provided by (Used in) Operating Activities) – Measure of the Company’s operating cash flow calculated as Net Cash Provided by (Used In) Operating Activities less Additions to property, plant and equipment and excluding the pre-tax cash flow impact of certain non-GAAP adjustment items (as defined above). We consider underlying free cash flow an important measure of our ability to generate cash, grow our business and enhance shareholder value, driven by core operations and after adjusting for non-GAAP adjustment items, which can vary substantially from company to company depending upon accounting methods, book value of assets and capital structure.
• Underlying depreciation and amortization (Closest GAAP Metric: Depreciation & Amortization) – Measure of the Company’s depreciation and amortization excluding the impact of non-GAAP adjustment items (as defined above). These adjustments primarily consist of accelerated depreciation or amortization taken related to the Company’s strategic exit or restructuring activities.
• Net debt and net debt to underlying earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation, and amortization ("underlying EBITDA") (Closest GAAP Metrics: Cash, Debt, & Net Income (Loss)) – Measure of the Company’s leverage calculated as net debt (defined as current portion of long-term debt and short-term borrowings plus long-term debt less cash and cash equivalents) divided by the trailing twelve month underlying EBITDA. Underlying EBITDA is calculated as Net income (loss) excluding Interest expense (income), net, Income tax expense (benefit), depreciation and amortization and the impact of non-GAAP adjustment items (as defined above). Effective January 1, 2025, on a prospective basis, Underlying EBITDA excludes amortization of cloud-based software implementation costs. This measure is not the same as the Company’s maximum leverage ratio as defined under its revolving credit facility, which allows for other adjustments in the calculation of net debt to EBITDA.
• Constant currency - Constant currency is a non-GAAP measure utilized to measure performance, excluding the impact of translational and certain transactional foreign currency movements, and is intended to be indicative of results in local currency. As we operate in various foreign countries where the local currency may strengthen or weaken significantly versus the U.S. dollar or other currencies used in operations, we utilize a constant currency measure as an additional metric to evaluate the underlying performance of each business without consideration of foreign currency movements. We present all percentage changes for net sales, underlying COGS, underlying MG&A and underlying income (loss) before income taxes in constant currency and calculate the impact of foreign exchange by translating our current period local currency results (that also include the impact of the comparable prior period currency hedging activities) at the average exchange rates during the respective period throughout the year used to translate the financial statements in the comparable prior year period. The result is the current period results in U.S. dollars, as if foreign exchange rates had not changed from the prior year period. Additionally, we exclude any transactional foreign currency impacts, reported within the other non-operating income (expense), net line item, from our current period results.

Our guidance or long-term targets for any of the measures noted above are also non-GAAP financial measures that exclude or otherwise have been adjusted for non-GAAP adjustment items from our U.S. GAAP financial statements. When we provide guidance or long-term targets for any of the various non-GAAP metrics described above, we do not provide reconciliations of the U.S. GAAP measures as we are unable to predict with a reasonable degree of certainty the actual impact of the non-GAAP adjustment items. By their very nature, non-GAAP adjustment items are difficult to anticipate with precision because they are generally associated with unexpected and unplanned events that impact our Company and its financial results. Therefore, we are unable to provide a reconciliation of these measures without unreasonable efforts.